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Title

Viral Infections, Part 1: Immune Function and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (1 credit hours)

Abstract

This course describes the normal function of the immune system and disorders associated with its dysfunction. The function of the various immune cells is described along with their specific roles in innate and adaptive immune responses. Highlighting the dysfunctions of the immune system is infection by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which examines the biology of HIV and clinical events following infection. Finally, issues of particular importance to health care providers will include epidemiology, transmission in the healthcare setting, and methods for preventing and managing HIV infection.

This activity is approved for Category A credit by the ASRT/ Expiration August 1, 2010

This activity may be available in multiple formats or from different sponsors. The ARRT does not allow CE activities such as internet courses, home study programs or directed readings to be repeated for CE credit in the same or any subsequent biennium.

Author

Dan Becker, DDS

Dr. Becker received his bachelor of science in zoology from Ohio University in 1968 and his doctor of dental surgery from Ohio State University in 1972. Although Dr. Becker is a dentist, his interest always centered on academia and he began teaching biology at Sinclair Community College (Dayton, OH) as a part-time instructor in the autumn of 1972. He accepted a full-time faculty position in the Dental Hygiene department in 1976, but continued his teaching within the Biology department as well.

Dr. Becker's interest in pharmacology and anesthesia attracted him to Miami Valley Hospital where he became involved with their dental residency instructing dental residents and learning from mentors during rotations within departments of anesthesia and emergency medicine. During this time, he developed and taught courses in pharmacology and pathophysiology for nursing and other allied health programs until his teaching at Sinclair became entirely devoted to these subject areas. Currently he is a full professor at Sinclair Community College and Associate Director of Education at Miami Valley Hospital. He has published in numerous scientific journals and textbooks, and lectures extensively throughout the United States and Canada.

Objectives

Upon completion of this module, readers will be able to:

Distinguish antigen from immunogen and explain general functions of the cells comprising the immune system.
Explain the function and significance of the major histocompatibility complex and distinguish the roles of innate and adaptive immune responses.
Describe the activity of B lymphocytes in providing humoral immunity including antigen recognition, proliferation and the general mechanism by which antigen is destroyed.
Describe the activity of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes in providing cell mediated immunity including antigen recognition, proliferation and the general mechanism by which antigen is destroyed.
Distinguish active and passive immunization.
Describe selected disorders of immune function.
Describe the principle components of the human immunodeficiency virus and the sequence of biological events following HIV infection of a CD4+ target cell.
Describe the 3 clinical phases that follow HIV infection, including clinical and immunological events, and offer theories on the mechanisms by which CD4+ cells become depleted.
State common modes of HIV transmission and identify three principle groups at risk for HIV infection.
Identify issues regarding HIV transmission that impact health care providers.
List the 3 principal targets for antiretroviral drugs and explain current strategies for HIV vaccine development.

Resources

Brooks GF, Carroll KC, Butel JS, Morse SA, Eds. Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology, 24th Ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 2007.

Center for Disease Control. Department of Health and Human Services. Exposure to Blood: What healthcare personnel need to know. Public Health Foundation. July 2003. http://bookstore.phf.org.

Center for Disease Control. Updated U.S. Public Health Service Guidelines for the Management of Occupational Exposures to HBV, HCV, and HIV and Recommendations for Postexposure Prophylaxis MMWR 2001; 50(RR11;-43.

Chinen J, Shearer WT. Molecular virology and immunology of HIV infection. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;110:189-98.

Cohen J, Powderly WG, et al. Infectious Diseases. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby; 2004.

Fauci AS. The AIDS epidemic: Considerations for the 21st century. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341(14):1046-50.

Fauci AS, Lane HC. Human immunodeficiency virus disease: AIDS and related disorders. In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et al Eds. Harrison's Textbook of Internal Medicine. 16th ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 2005.

Johnson MI, Fauci AS. An HIV vaccine- evolving concepts. N Engl J Med 2007;356(20):2073-81.

Shaw GM. Biology of Human Immunodeficiency Viruses. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D Editors. Cecil Textbook of Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: W.B. Saunders; 2008.

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